在企业中,一般系统架构的瓶颈会出现在数据库这一部分,Mysql主从架构在很大程度上解决了这部分瓶颈,但是在Mysql主从同步的架构也存在很多问题。比如:
1.关于数据写入部分(也就是主库)往往很难做到扩展,虽然很多大公司在逻辑业务方面就进行对数据的拆分,比如商品库存按照区域去拆分(一个区域走一个库存也就是一个主库,然后定时同步总的库存),按照商品类型去划分(一个类型的商品走一套数据库),但是这对于很多中小型公司来说实现起来还是比较困难的;
2.主从同步一般都是一个主库,一旦主库出现问题,就有可能直接导致整个主从同步架构崩盘,虽然发现后也是可以慢慢恢复的,但是这个恢复时间对于很多公司来说是难以接受的。
今天的这篇博文主要给解决主库单点故障这个问题提供一个思路:
- 一台主库(我们称之为master-01)提供服务,只负责数据的写入;
- 拿出一台数据库服务器(我们称之为Master-02)资源做master-01主库的从库(之间做主从同步);
- 两台主库之间做高可用,可以采用keepalived等方案(一定要保证master-01同时也要作为keepalived的主);
- 程序在调用主库IP地址的地方写为高可用的VIP地址;
- 所有提供服务的从服务器与master-02进行主从同步;
- 建议采用高可用策略的时候,当master-01出现问题切换到master-02的时候,即使master-01恢复了,也不要让它去自动承接VIP地址,否则可能造成数据的混写
这样做可以在一定程度上保证主库的高可用,在一台主库down掉之后,可以在极短的时间内切换到另一台主库上(尽可能减少主库宕机对业务造成的影响),减少了主从同步给线上主库带来的压力;但是也有几个不足的地方:
- master-02可能会一直处于空闲状态(其实完全可以让它承担一部分从库的角色来负责一部分查询请求的);
- 这样真正提供服务的从库要等master-02先同步完了数据后才能去master-02上去同步数据,这样可能会造成一定程度的同步延迟时间的加长;
- 如果master-01一旦恢复正常,会不会导致数据写入混乱(这个可以在keepalived中设置响应的规则,让其不”夺权”,我们认为的去调整操作即可。
架构的简易图如下:
具体实施方案:
一、在所有需要提供服务的服务器上安装MySQL服务(建议源码安装)
1、yum安装依赖包
yum-yinstallcmakemakegccgcc-c++ncurses-develbisonopenssl-devel
2、添加MySQL所需要的用户/组
groupaddmysql useradd-gmysql-rmysql
3、下载MySQL源码包
wgethttp://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.5/mysql-5.5.36.tar.gz
4、创建MySQL安装所需要的目录
mkdir/data/mydata/{data,tmp,logs}–pv
5、解压编译安装MySQL
tarxfmysql-5.5.36.tar.gz cdmysql-5.5.36 cmake.-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql\ -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/data/mydata/data\ -DSYSCINFDIR=/etc\ -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1\ -DWITH_ARCHIVE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1\ -DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1\ -DWITH_READLINE=1\ -DWITH_SSL=system\ -DWITH_ZLIB=system\ -DWITH_LIBWARP=0\ -DWITH_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysql.sock\ -DDEFAULT_CHARASET=uft8\ -DDEFAULT_COLLATTON=utf9_general_ci\ make&&makeinstall
6、为MySQL提供启动脚本
cpsupport-files/mysql.server/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
7、为master-01主库提供配置文件(32G内存较为保守(满连接占用25G左右内存)的配置文件)
[client] port=3306 socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock default-character-set=utf-8 [mysqld] server-id=1 port=3306 user=mysql basedir=/usr/local/mysql datadir=/data/mydata/data tmpdir=/data/mydata/tmp socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock skip-external-locking skip-name-resolve default-storage-engine=INNODB character-set-server=utf8 wait-timeout=100 connect_timeout=20 interactive_timeout=100 back_log=300 myisam_recover event_scheduler=on log-bin=/data/mydata/logs/mysql-bin binlog_format=row max_binlog_size=64M binlog_cache_size=1M slave-net-timeout=10 skip-slave-start slow_query_log=1 long_query_time=1 slow_query_log_file=/data/mydata/mysqllog/logs/mysql.slow log-error=/data/mydata/mysqllog/logs/error.log max_connections=1000 max_user_connections=1000 max_connect_errors=10000 key_buffer_size=32M#以MyISAM为主的服务器,要调大此值 max_allowed_packet=64M table_cache=4096 table_open_cache=4096 table_definition_cache=4096 sort_buffer_size=512K read_buffer_size=512K read_rnd_buffer_size=512K join_buffer_size=512K tmp_table_size=64M max_heap_table_size=64M query_cache_type=0 query_cache_size=0 bulk_insert_buffer_size=16M thread_cache_size=64 thread_concurrency=16#CPU核数*2 thread_stack=256K innodb_data_home_dir=/data/mydata/data innodb_log_group_home_dir=/data/mydata/mysqllog/logs innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:1G:autoextend innodb_buffer_pool_size=16G innodb_buffer_pool_instances=4 innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=16M innodb_log_file_size=512M innodb_log_buffer_size=32M innodb_log_files_in_group=3 innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=2 innodb_lock_wait_timeout=10 innodb_sync_spin_loops=40 innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct=90 innodb_support_xa=1 innodb_thread_concurrency=0 innodb_thread_sleep_delay=500 innodb_file_io_threads=4 innodb_concurrency_tickets=1000 log_bin_trust_function_creators=1 innodb_flush_method=O_DIRECT innodb_file_per_table#是否采用单表单空间 innodb_write_io_threads=8 innodb_read_io_threads=8 innodb_io_capacity=1000 innodb_file_format=Barracuda#不开启单表单空间,此选项无效 innodb_purge_threads=1 innodb_purge_batch_size=32 innodb_old_blocks_pct=75 innodb_change_buffering=all transaction_isolation=READ-COMMITTED [mysqldump] quick max_allowed_packet=32M [mysql] no-auto-rehash [myisamchk] key_buffer_size=64M sort_buffer_size=256M read_buffer=2M write_buffer=2M [mysqlhotcopy] interactive-timeout [mysqld_safe] open-files-limit=10240
8、为master-02提供配置文件
master-02的配置文件仅需在master-01上稍作修改 server-id=20 log_slave_updates=1#添加(将复制事件写入binlog,一台服务器既做主库又做从库此选项必须要开启) replicate-same-server-id=0#添加(防止MySQL循环更新) relay_log_recovery=1#添加(MySQLrelay_log的自动修复功能)
9、为从库提供配置文件(8G)
[client] port=3306 socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock default-character-set=utf8 [mysqld] server-id=2 port=3306 user=mysql basedir=/usr/local/mysql datadir=/data/mydata/data tmpdir=/data/mydata/tmp socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock skip-external-locking skip-name-resolve default-storage-engine=INNODB character-set-server=utf8 wait-timeout=100 connect_timeout=20 interactive_timeout=100 back_log=300 myisam_recover event_scheduler=on log-bin=/data/mydata/logs/mysql-bin binlog_format=row max_binlog_size=64M binlog_cache_size=1M slave-net-timeout=10 relay_log_recovery=1 slow_query_log=1 long_query_time=1 slow_query_log_file=/data/mydata/mysqllog/logs/mysql.slow log-error=/data/mydata/mysqllog/logs/error.log max_connections=500 max_user_connections=500 max_connect_errors=10000 key_buffer_size=32M#以MyISAM为主的服务器,要调大此值 max_allowed_packet=64M table_cache=2048 table_open_cache=2048 table_definition_cache=2048 sort_buffer_size=128K read_buffer_size=128K read_rnd_buffer_size=128K join_buffer_size=128K tmp_table_size=16M max_heap_table_size=16M query_cache_type=0 query_cache_size=0 bulk_insert_buffer_size=16M thread_cache_size=64 thread_concurrency=4#CPU核数*2 thread_stack=128K innodb_data_home_dir=/data/mydata/data innodb_log_group_home_dir=/data/mydata/mysqllog/logs innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:1G:autoextend innodb_buffer_pool_size=2G innodb_buffer_pool_instances=4 innodb_additional_mem_pool_size=4M innodb_log_file_size=512M innodb_log_buffer_size=16M innodb_log_files_in_group=3 innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=2 innodb_lock_wait_timeout=10 innodb_sync_spin_loops=40 innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct=90 innodb_support_xa=1 innodb_thread_concurrency=0 innodb_thread_sleep_delay=500 innodb_file_io_threads=4 innodb_concurrency_tickets=1000 log_bin_trust_function_creators=1 innodb_flush_method=O_DIRECT innodb_file_per_table#是否采用单表单空间 innodb_write_io_threads=8 innodb_read_io_threads=8 innodb_io_capacity=1000 innodb_file_format=Barracuda#不开启单表单空间,此选项无效 innodb_purge_threads=1 innodb_purge_batch_size=32 innodb_old_blocks_pct=75 innodb_change_buffering=all transaction_isolation=READ-COMMITTED [mysqldump] quick max_allowed_packet=32M [mysql] no-auto-rehash [myisamchk] key_buffer_size=64M sort_buffer_size=256M read_buffer=2M write_buffer=2M [mysqlhotcopy] interactive-timeout [mysqld_safe] open-files-limit=10240
10、初始化MySQL
/usr/local/mysql/scripts/mysql_install_db--user=mysql--datadir=/data/mydata/data/--basedir=/usr/local/mysql
11、为启动脚本赋予可执行权限并启动MySQL
chmod+x/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld /etc/init.d/mysqldstart
二、 配置master-01
1、添加主从同步账户
mysql>grantreplicationslaveon*.*to'repl'@'192.168.237.%'idetifiedby'123456'; mysql>flushprivileges;
2、查看主库的状态
mysql>showmasterstatus; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ |File|Position|Binlog_Do_DB|Binlog_Ignore_DB| +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ |mysql-bin.000009|652||| +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ 1rowinset(0.01sec)
3、因为这是测试环境,可以保证没数据写入,否则需要先锁表–>查看状态–>备份数据–>查看状态(保证没变)–>解锁表
三、 配置master-02
1、配置master-02为master-01的从
#若是线上有数据需要先导入数据 mysql>CHANGEMASTERTO ->MASTER_HOST='192.168.237.128', ->MASTER_PORT=3306, ->MASTER_USER='repl', ->MASTER_PASSWORD='123456', ->MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000009', ->MASTER_LOG_POS=652; QueryOK,0rowsaffected(0.03sec) mysql>startslave; mysql>showslavestatus\G Slave_IO_Running:Yes#确保为yes Slave_SQL_Running:Yes#确保为yes
2、配置master-02的同步用户
mysql>grantreplicationslaveon*.*to'repl’@’192.168.237.%'identifiedby'123456'; mysql>flushprivileges;
3、查看master-02的状态
mysql>showmasterstatus; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ |File|Position|Binlog_Do_DB|Binlog_Ignore_DB| +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ |mysql-bin.000004|689||| +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+ 1rowinset(0.00sec)
四、从库根据上面步骤配置为master-02的从即可(为了节省篇幅不再一一赘述)
五、在master-01上创建一个数据库测试同步效果
六、去master-02跟从库上分别查看是否已经同步过数据来
好了,至此数据同步已经完成。关于keepalived实现双主高可用,我会总结在下篇keepalived实现MySQL高可用文章中,届时分享给各位。